![]() ![]() ![]() From this view, maintaining an accurate estimation of expected values may rely more on those regions of PFC involved in learning and decision-making, such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) or anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The content model of WM postulates that each prefrontal region maintains and manipulates the type of information that it is specialized to process ( Goldman-Rakic, 1996 Lara et al., 2009). While the lateral PFC is particularly involved in WM relating to cognitive information ( Constantinidis and Klingberg, 2016), it is less clear how value expectations are maintained across delays. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a key role in working memory (WM), the temporary maintenance of information across such temporal gaps. However, when the presentation of an option is separated in time from its outcome, expected values must be temporarily held in memory for such comparisons to be possible. ![]() This attribution of a value relies on the association between an option and its outcome, and is learned by comparing the expected value of an option to the actual outcome experienced with it. Theories of value-based decision-making suggest that the brain computes values for different choice options in order to compare items with different qualities on a common scale ( Padoa-Schioppa, 2011). We suggest that this hybrid coding is a critical mechanism supporting flexible cognitive abilities. Instead, mixed dynamics supported robust, time invariant value representations while also encoding the information in a temporally specific manner. We found that features of all hypotheses were simultaneously present in prefrontal activity, and no single hypothesis was exclusively supported. To test these hypotheses, we recorded neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of two monkeys performing a valuation task. Contradicting theories have suggested WM requires either persistent or transient neuronal activity, with stable or dynamic representations, respectively. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms of working memory (WM) for value. To do this, value information must be held in mind when a stimulus and outcome are separated in time. Optimal decision-making requires that stimulus-value associations are kept up to date by constantly comparing the expected value of a stimulus with its experienced outcome. ![]()
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